Seni dan filsafat
number of philosophical and artistic movements were influences on and precursors to the punk movement. Sejumlah
filosofis dan
gerakan seni yang pengaruh
Apada dan perintis gerakan punk.
The most overt is anarchism , especially its artistic inceptions . Yang paling jelas adalah
anarkisme , terutama
inceptions artistik .
The cultural critique and strategies for revolutionary action offered by the Situationist International in the 1950s and 1960s were an influence on the vanguard of the British punk movement, particularly the Sex Pistols . Kritik budaya dan strategi untuk aksi revolusioner yang ditawarkan oleh
International Etika situasi pada 1950-an dan 1960-an pengaruh pada pelopor gerakan punk Inggris, terutama
Sex Pistols .
Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren consciously embraced situationist ideas, which are also reflected in the clothing designed for the band by Vivienne Westwood and the visual artwork of the Situationist-affiliated Jamie Reid , who designed many of the band's graphics. Nihilism also had a hand in the development of punk's careless, humorous, and sometimes bleak character. Marxism gave punk some of its revolutionary zeal. Pistols manajer
Malcolm McLaren sadar memeluk ide-ide Etika situasi, yang juga tercermin dalam pakaian yang dirancang untuk band oleh
Vivienne Westwood dan karya seni visual dari Etika situasi yang berafiliasi
Reid Jamie , yang merancang banyak band grafis.
Nihilisme juga memiliki tangan di perkembangan's ceroboh, lucu, dan kadang-kadang suram karakter punk.
Marxisme memberikan semangat punk beberapa revolusioner.
Several strains of modern art anticipated and influenced punk. Beberapa jenis
seni modern diantisipasi dan dipengaruhi punk.
The relationship between punk rock and popular music has a clear parallel with the irreverence Dadaism held for the project of high art . Hubungan antara punk rock dan musik populer memiliki paralel yang jelas dengan tidak hormat
Dadaism diadakan untuk proyek
seni tinggi .
If not a direct influence, futurism , with its interests in speed, conflict, and raw power foreshadowed punk culture in a number of ways. Minimalism furnished punk with its simple, stripped-down, and straightforward style. Jika tidak pengaruh langsung,
futurisme , dengan kepentingannya dalam kecepatan, konflik, dan kekuasaan mentah membayangi budaya punk dalam beberapa cara.
minimalisme punk dilengkapi dengan, yang dilucuti-down, dan langsung gaya sederhana.
Another source of punk's inception was pop art . Andy Warhol and his Factory studio played a major role in setting up what would become the New York City punk scene. Sumber lain itu adalah awal punk
pop art .
Andy Warhol dan dia
studio Pabrik memainkan peran utama dalam mendirikan apa yang akan menjadi New York City punk.
Pop art also influenced the look of punk visual art. Pop Art juga mempengaruhi tampilan seni visual punk.
In more recent times, postmodernism has made headway into the punk scene. Dalam beberapa kali lebih banyak,
postmodernisme telah membuat kemajuan ke punk.
Sastra dan Film
Various writers, books, and literary movements were important to the formation of the punk subculture. Berbagai penulis, buku, dan gerakan sastra sangat penting bagi pembentukan subkultur punk.
Poet Arthur Rimbaud provided the basis for Richard Hell 's attitude, fashion, and hairstyle . Charles Dickens ' working class politics and unromantic depictions of disenfranchised street youth influenced British punk in a number of ways. Malcolm McLaren described the Sex Pistols as Dickensian. Penyair
Arthur Rimbaud memberikan dasar bagi
Richard Hell 'sikap, fashion, dan
gaya rambut .
Charles Dickens '
kelas pekerja politik dan penggambaran tidak romantis pemuda jalan diberi hak dipengaruhi punk Inggris dalam beberapa cara.
Malcolm McLaren menggambarkan Sex Pistols sebagai Dickens.
Punk was influenced by the Beat generation , especially Jack Kerouac , Allen Ginsberg , and William S. Burroughs . Punk dipengaruhi oleh
generasi Beat , khususnya
Jack Kerouac ,
Allen Ginsberg , dan
William S. Burroughs .
Kerouac's On the Road gave Jim Carroll the impetus to write The Basketball Diaries , perhaps the first example of punk literature . George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four might have inspired much of punk's distrust for the government . Kerouac's
On the Road memberikan
Jim Carroll dorongan untuk menulis
The Basketball Diaries , mungkin contoh pertama
literatur punk .
George Orwell 's
dystopian novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four mungkin memiliki banyak terinspirasi's ketidakpercayaan punk bagi
pemerintah .
In his autobiography No Dogs, No Blacks, No Irish! , John Lydon remembers the influence that film version of A Clockwork Orange had on his own style. Dalam karyanya
otobiografi Tidak Anjing, No Black, No Irlandia!, John Lydon mengingat pengaruh yang
versi film A Clockwork Orange sudah pada gaya sendiri.
Musik
Punk rock has a variety of origins. Garage rock was the first form of music called "punk", [ citation needed ] and indeed that style influenced much of punk rock. Punk rock memiliki berbagai asal.
batuan Garasi adalah bentuk pertama dari musik yang disebut "punk",
[ rujukan? ] dan memang yang banyak dipengaruhi gaya punk rock.
Punk rock was also a reaction against tendencies that had overtaken popular music in the 1970s, including what the punks saw as superficial " disco " music and bombastic forms of heavy metal , progressive rock and " arena rock ." Punk rock juga merupakan reaksi terhadap kecenderungan yang telah menyusul musik populer di tahun 1970-an, termasuk apa kaum punk lihat sebagai dangkal "
disco music "dan bentuk bombastis dari
logam berat ,
rock progresif dan "
rock arena . "
The British punk movement also found a precedent in the "do-it-yourself" attitude of the Skiffle craze that emerged amid the post- World War II austerity of 1950s Britain. Gerakan punk Inggris juga ditemukan preseden dalam do-it-yourself "sikap" dari
skiffle menggila yang muncul di tengah pasca-
Perang Dunia II kesederhanaan 1950-an Inggris.
In addition to the inspiration of those " garage bands " of the 1960s, the roots of punk rock draw on the snotty attitude, on-stage and off-stage violence, and aggressive instrumentation of The Who ; the snotty attitude of the early Rolling Stones , which can be traced back to Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent of the late 50's; the abrasive, dissonant MENTAL BREAKDOWN style of The Velvet Underground ; the sexuality, political confrontation, and on-stage violence of Detroit bands Alice Cooper , The Stooges and MC5 ; the English pub rock scene and political UK underground bands such as Mick Farren and the Deviants ; the New York Dolls ; and some British " glam rock " or " art rock " acts of the early 1970s, including David Bowie , Gary Glitter and Roxy Music . Selain inspirasi dari mereka "
band garasi "dari tahun 1960-an, akar punk rock menarik pada sikap beringus, di panggung dan-tahap kekerasan off, dan instrumentasi agresif dari
The Who , sikap kurang ajar dari awal
Rolling Stones , yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke
Eddie Cochran dan
Gene Vincent dari 50-an, sedangkan, abrasive disonan MENTAL DETAIL gaya
The Velvet Underground , seksualitas, konfrontasi politik, dan di panggung kekerasan band Detroit
Alice Cooper ,
The Stooges dan
MC5 , sedangkan
Inggris rock pub adegan dan politik
bawah tanah Inggris band-band seperti
Mick Farren dan
Pelaku , sedangkan
New York Dolls , dan beberapa "Inggris
glam rock "atau"
art rock "tindakan awal tahun 1970, termasuk
David Bowie ,
Gary Glitter dan
Roxy musik .
Influence from other musical genres, including reggae , funk , and rockabilly can also be detected in early punk rock... Pengaruh dari genre musik lainnya, termasuk
reggae ,
funk , dan
rockabilly juga dapat dideteksi pada awal punk rock ...
subkultur Sebelumnya
Previous youth subcultures influenced various aspects of the punk subculture. subkultur pemuda Sebelumnya dipengaruhi berbagai aspek dari subkultur punk.
The punk movement rejected the remnants of the hippie counterculture of the 1960s while at the same time preserving its distaste for the mainstream. Gerakan punk menolak sisa-sisa
hippie tandingan dari tahun 1960-an sementara pada saat yang sama melestarikan jijik untuk mainstream.
Punk fashion rejected the bright colors, loose clothes, and unkempt appearances of hippie fashion. fashion Punk menolak warna-warna cerah, pakaian longgar, dan penampilan terawat mode hippie.
The hippie crash pad found a new inception as punk houses . Crash pad hippie menemukan sebuah permulaan baru sebagai
rumah punk .
The jeans , T-shirts , chains, and leather jackets common in punk fashion can be traced back to the bikers , rockers and greasers of earlier decades. The
jeans ,
T-shirt , rantai, dan
jaket kulit umum di
fashion punk dapat ditelusuri kembali ke
bikers ,
rocker dan
Greasers dari dekade sebelumnya.
The all- black attire and moral laxity of some Beatniks influenced the punk movement. Semua-
hitam pakaian dan kelemahan moral dari beberapa
Beatniks mempengaruhi gerakan punk.
Other subcultures that influenced the punk subculture, in terms of fashion, music attitude or other factors include: Teddy Boys , Mods , skinheads and glam rockers . subkultur lain yang mempengaruhi subkultur punk, dalam hal fashion, sikap musik atau faktor lain termasuk:
Teddy Boys ,
Modifikasi ,
skinhead dan
rocker glam .
Asal-usul
The earliest form of punk, retroactively named protopunk , arose in the north-eastern United States in cities such as Detroit , Boston , and New York City . Bentuk paling awal dari punk, surut bernama
protopunk , muncul di timur laut Amerika Serikat di kota-kota seperti
Detroit ,
Boston , dan
New York City .
Bands such as the Velvet Underground , the Stooges , MC5 , and The Dictators , coupled with shock rock acts like Alice Cooper , laid the foundation for punk in the US. Band-band seperti
Velvet Underground ,
Stooges ,
MC5 , dan
The diktator , ditambah dengan
rock shock bertindak seperti
Alice Cooper , meletakkan dasar untuk punk di Amerika Serikat.
The transvestite community of New York inspired the New York Dolls , who led the charge as glam punk developed out of the wider glam rock movement. Para
waria komunitas mengilhami New York
New York Dolls , yang memimpin menjabat sebagai
glam punk yang dikembangkan dari glam rock gerakan yang lebih luas.
The drug subculture of Manhattan, especially heroin users, formed the fetal stage of the New York City punk scene. Art punk , examplified by Television , grew out of the New York underworld of drug addicts and artists shortly after the emergence of glam punk. Para
subkultur obat Manhattan, terutama
heroin pengguna, membentuk tahap janin dari punk scene Kota New York.
punk Seni , examplified oleh
televisi , tumbuh dari bawah New York pecandu narkoba dan seniman lama setelah munculnya punk glam.
Economic recession, including a garbage strike, instilled much dissatisfaction with life among the youth of industrial Britain. resesi ekonomi, termasuk aksi mogok sampah, menanamkan banyak ketidakpuasan dengan kehidupan di kalangan generasi muda Inggris industri.
Punk rock in Britain coincided with the end of the era of post-war consensus politics that preceded the rise of Thatcherism , and nearly all British punk bands expressed an attitude of angry social alienation. Punk rock di Inggris bertepatan dengan berakhirnya era
pasca perang konsensus politik yang mendahului kebangkitan
Thatcherisme , dan hampir semua band punk Inggris menyatakan sikap keterasingan sosial marah.
Los Angeles was also facing economic hard times. Los Angeles juga menghadapi masa sulit ekonomi.
A collection of art school students and a thriving drug underground caused Los Angeles to develop one of the earliest punk scenes. Kumpulan mahasiswa sekolah seni dan obat berkembang bawah tanah disebabkan Los Angeles untuk mengembangkan salah satu adegan paling awal punk.
The original punk subculture was made up of a loose affiliation of several groups that emerged at separate times under different circumstances. Subkultur punk asli terbuat dari afiliasi longgar dari beberapa kelompok yang muncul pada waktu terpisah dalam keadaan yang berbeda.
There was significant cross-pollination between these subcultures, and some were derivative of others. Ada yang signifikan penyerbukan silang antara subkultur, dan beberapa turunan dari orang lain.
Most of these subcultures are still extant, while others have since gone extinct. Sebagian besar dari subkultur ini masih masih ada, sementara yang lain sudah sejak punah.
These subcultures interacted in various ways to form the original mainline punk subculture, which varied greatly from region to region. Subkultur ini berinteraksi dengan berbagai cara untuk membentuk subkultur punk asli arus utama, yang sangat bervariasi dari daerah ke daerah.
The phrase "punk rock" (from " punk ", meaning a beginner or novice [ 1 ] [ citation needed ] ), was originally applied to the untutored guitar -and- vocals -based rock and roll of United States bands of the mid-1960s such as The Standells , The Sonics , and The Seeds , bands that now are more often categorized as " garage rock ". Ungkapan "punk rock" (dari "
punk ", yang berarti seorang pemula atau pemula
[1] [ rujukan? ]), pada awalnya diaplikasikan pada tak terdidik
gitar -dan-
vokal berbasis
rock and roll band dari Amerika Serikat pertengahan- 1960-an seperti
The Standells ,
The Sonics , dan
The Seeds , band yang sekarang lebih sering dikategorikan sebagai "
rock garasi ".
The term was coined by rock critic Dave Marsh , who used it to describe the music of Question Mark and the Mysterians in the May 1971 issue of Creem magazine, [ 2 ] [ Full citation needed ] and it was adopted by many rock music journalists in the early 1970s. [ citation needed ] In the liner notes of the 1972 anthology album Nuggets , critic and guitarist Lenny Kaye uses the term "punk-rock" to refer to the 1960s garage rock groups, as well as some of the darker and more primitive practitioners of 1960s psychedelic rock . Istilah ini diciptakan oleh kritikus rock
Dave Marsh , yang menggunakannya untuk menggambarkan musik
Tanda Tanya dan Mysterians dalam edisi 1971 Mei
Creem majalah,
[2] [ kutipan Kendali diperlukan ] dan diadopsi oleh wartawan musik rock banyak awal 1970-an.
[ rujukan? ] Dalam catatan liner dari album antologi 1972
Nuggets , kritik dan gitaris
Lenny Kaye menggunakan istilah "punk-rock" untuk merujuk pada 1960-an kelompok rock garasi, serta beberapa gelap dan lebih primitif praktisi 1960
psychedelic rock .
Shortly after the time of those notes, Lenny Kaye formed a band with avant-garde poet Patti Smith . Tak lama setelah waktu tersebut catatan, Lenny Kaye membentuk band dengan
avant-garde penyair
Patti Smith .
Smith's group, and her first album, Horses , released in 1975, directly inspired many of the mid-1970s punk rockers, so this suggests one path by which the term migrated to the music we now know as punk. Teman-kelompok Smith, dan album pertamanya,
Kuda , dirilis pada 1975, langsung banyak terinspirasi dari punk rocker pertengahan 1970-an, sehingga hal ini menunjukkan satu jalur di mana istilah bermigrasi ke musik yang sekarang kita kenal sebagai punk.
There's a bit of controversy which isn't mentioned. Ada sedikit kontroversi yang tidak disebutkan.
One of the first times punk was used to define the emerging movement was when posters saying "PUNK IS COMING! WATCH OUT!" Salah satu
punk pertama kali digunakan untuk menentukan gerakan yang muncul adalah ketika poster mengatakan "PUNK IS COMING OUT! WATCH!"
were posted around New York City. yang diposting di sekitar New York City.
Also, Punk Magazine was among the first to use the term. Juga,
Punk Majalah merupakan salah satu pertama yang menggunakan istilah.
Donny the Punk wrote: "It arose at New York City's small but legendary club, CBGB's, at the end of 1975; spread to England and California in 1976, to Canada, Australia, and other parts of America in 1977, and grew internationally in the 1980s until it is now found all over Europe, South America, Japan, and many other countries." [ 3 ] Donny Punk yang menulis: "Ini muncul di York City kecil tapi legendaris klub Baru, CBGB's, pada akhir 1975; menyebar ke Inggris dan California pada tahun 1976, ke Kanada, Australia, dan bagian lain dari Amerika pada tahun 1977, dan tumbuh internasional dalam tahun 1980 sampai sekarang ditemukan di seluruh Eropa, Amerika Selatan, Jepang, dan banyak negara lain ".
[3]
New York City
The first ongoing music scene that was assigned the "punk" label appeared in New York in 1974-1976 centered around bands that played regularly at the clubs Max's Kansas City and CBGB . The scene musik yang sedang berlangsung pertama yang diberi "punk" label muncul di New York pada 1974-1976 berpusat di sekitar band yang dimainkan secara teratur di klub
Max Kansas City dan
CBGB .
This had been preceded by a mini underground rock scene at the Mercer Arts Center, picking up from the demise of the Velvet Underground, starting in 1971 and featuring the New York Dolls and Suicide , which helped to pave the way, but came to an abrupt end in 1973 when the building collapsed. [ 4 ] The CBGB and Max's scene included The Ramones , Television , Blondie , Patti Smith , Johnny Thunders (a former New York Doll ) and the Heartbreakers, Richard Hell and The Voidoids and the Talking Heads . Ini telah didahului oleh mini
rock underground adegan di Mercer Arts Center, mengambil dari runtuhnya Velvet Underground, dimulai pada tahun 1971 dan menampilkan
New York Dolls dan
Bunuh Diri , yang membantu untuk membuka jalan, tapi tiba-tiba-tiba akhir tahun 1973 saat bangunan runtuh.
[4] The CBGB dan Teman-adegan Max termasuk
The Ramones ,
televisi ,
Blondie ,
Patti Smith ,
Johnny Thunders (mantan
New York Doll ) dan Heartbreakers,
Richard Hell dan
The Voidoids dan
Talking Heads .
The "punk" title was applied to these groups by early 1976, when Punk Magazine first appeared, featuring these bands alongside articles on some of the immediate role models for the new groups, such as Lou Reed , who was on the cover of the first issue of Punk , and Patti Smith, cover subject on the second issue. The "punk" title diterapkan pada kelompok dengan awal 1976, ketika
Punk Majalah pertama kali muncul, yang menampilkan band-band ini bersama artikel tentang beberapa model peran langsung bagi kelompok-kelompok baru, seperti
Lou Reed , yang pada sampul pertama isu
Punk, dan Patti Smith, mencakup subjek pada masalah kedua.
At the same time, a less celebrated, but nonetheless highly influential, scene had appeared in Ohio , including The Electric Eels , Devo and Rocket from the Tombs , who in 1975 split into Pere Ubu and The Dead Boys . Pada saat yang sama, yang kurang terkenal, tapi tetap sangat berpengaruh, adegan muncul di
Ohio , termasuk
The Electric Eels ,
Devo dan
Rocket dari Makam , yang pada tahun 1975 dipecah menjadi
Pere Ubu dan
The Dead Boys .
Malcolm McLaren, then manager of the New York Dolls, spotted Richard Hell and decided to bring Hell's look back to Britain. Malcolm McLaren, maka manajer New York Dolls, melihat neraka Richard dan memutuskan untuk membawa melihat neraka kembali ke Inggris.
London
While the London bands may have played a relatively minor role in determining the early punk sound, the London punk scene would come to define and epitomize the rebellious punk culture. Sementara band-band London mungkin telah memainkan peran yang relatif kecil dalam menentukan suara awal punk, punk London akan datang untuk menentukan dan melambangkan budaya punk pemberontak.
After a brief stint managing the New York Dolls at the end of their career in the US, Englishman Malcolm McLaren returned to London in May 1975. Setelah bertugas singkat mengelola
New York Dolls di akhir karir mereka di Amerika Serikat, Inggris
Malcolm McLaren kembali ke London pada Mei 1975.
With Vivienne Westwood , he started a clothing store called SEX that was instrumental in creating the radical punk clothing style. Dengan
Vivienne Westwood , ia memulai sebuah toko pakaian bernama
SEX yang sangat berperan dalam menciptakan gaya pakaian punk radikal.
He also began managing The Swankers, who would soon become the Sex Pistols . Dia juga mulai mengelola Para Swankers, yang akan segera menjadi
Sex Pistols .
The Sex Pistols soon created a strong cult following in London, centered on a clique known as the Bromley Contingent (named after the suburb where many of them had grown up), who followed them around the country. Sex Pistols segera menciptakan sebuah kultus yang kuat berikut di London, berpusat pada sebuah kelompok yang dikenal sebagai
Kontingen Bromley (dinamakan setelah pinggiran kota di mana banyak dari mereka telah tumbuh), yang mengikuti mereka di seluruh negeri.
An oft-cited moment in punk rock's history is a July 4, 1976 concert by the Ramones at the Roundhouse in London (The Stranglers were also on the bill). Sebuah sering-saat dikutip dalam sejarah punk rock adalah 4 Juli 1976 konser oleh
Ramones di
Gedung Bundar di London (The Stranglers juga pada tagihan).
Many of the future leaders of the UK punk rock scene were inspired by this show, and almost immediately after it, the UK punk scene got into full swing. Banyak pemimpin masa depan rock scene punk Inggris yang terinspirasi oleh acara ini, dan hampir segera setelah itu, punk Inggris masuk ke ayunan penuh.
By the end of 1976, many fans of the Sex Pistols had formed their own bands, including The Clash , Siouxsie and the Banshees , The Adverts , Generation X , The Slits and X-Ray Spex . Pada akhir 1976, banyak penggemar Sex Pistols membentuk band sendiri, termasuk
The Clash ,
Siouxsie, dan Banshees ,
The Iklan ,
Generasi X ,
celah-celah dan
X-Ray Spex .
Other UK bands to emerge in this milieu included The Damned (the first to release a single, the classic "New Rose"), The Jam , The Vibrators , Buzzcocks and the appropriately named London . Lain Inggris band muncul di lingkungan ini termasuk
The Damned (yang pertama untuk merilis sebuah single, klasik "New Rose"),
The Jam ,
The vibrator ,
Buzzcocks dan tepat bernama
London .
In December 1976, the Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Damned and Johnny Thunders & the Heartbreakers united for the Anarchy Tour , a series of gigs throughout the UK Many of the gigs were canceled by venue owners, after tabloid newspapers and other media seized on sensational stories regarding the antics of both the bands and their fans. Pada bulan Desember 1976, Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Damned dan Johnny Thunders & the Heartbreakers bersatu untuk
Tour Anarki , serangkaian pertunjukan di seluruh Inggris Banyak pertunjukan dibatalkan oleh pemilik tempat, setelah surat kabar tabloid dan media lainnya menangkap sensasional cerita tentang kejenakaan baik dari band dan fans mereka.
The notoriety of punk rock in the UK was furthered by a televised incident that was widely publicized in the tabloid press; appearing on a London TV show called Thames Today , guitarist Steve Jones of the Sex Pistols was goaded into a verbal altercation by the host, Bill Grundy , swearing at him on live television in violation of at the time accepted standards of propriety. Ketenaran punk rock di Inggris lebih lanjut oleh insiden televisi yang dipublikasikan secara luas di pers tabloid, muncul di sebuah acara TV di London bernama
Thames Hari ini, gitaris Steve Jones dari Sex Pistols itu terpancing ke dalam perkelahian verbal oleh tuan rumah,
Bill Grundy , bersumpah kepadanya di televisi hidup dalam pelanggaran pada saat menerima standar kesopanan.
One of the first books about punk rock — The Boy Looked at Johnny by Julie Burchill and Tony Parsons (December 1977) — declared the punk movement to be already over: the subtitle was The Obituary of Rock and Roll . Salah satu buku pertama tentang rock punk -
The Boy di Johnny Dilihat oleh
Julie Burchill dan
Tony Parsons (Desember 1977) - menyatakan gerakan punk yang sudah lebih dari: subjudul adalah
The Obituary Rock and Roll. The title echoed a lyric from the title track of Patti Smith's 1975 album Horses. Judul menggemakan sebuah lirik dari lagu judul 1975 Patti Smith
Kuda album.
Di tempat lain
During this same period, bands that would later be recognized as "punk" were formed independently in other locations, such as The Saints in Brisbane, Australia , The Modern Lovers in Boston , and The Stranglers and the Sex Pistols in London. Selama periode yang sama, band yang kemudian akan diakui sebagai "punk" yang dibentuk secara independen di lokasi lain, seperti
The Saints di
Brisbane, Australia ,
The Modern Lovers di
Boston , dan
The Stranglers dan
Sex Pistols di London.
These early bands also operated within small "scenes", often facilitated by enthusiastic impresarios who either operated venues, such as clubs , or organized temporary venues. Band-band ini awal juga dioperasikan dalam kecil "adegan", sering difasilitasi oleh impresarios antusias yang baik beroperasi tempat, seperti
klub , atau tempat sementara terorganisir.
In other cases, the bands or their managers improvised their own venues, such as a house inhabited by The Saints in an inner suburb of Brisbane. Dalam kasus lain, band atau manajer mereka improvisasi tempat mereka sendiri, seperti rumah yang dihuni oleh Orang-orang Suci di pinggiran kota Brisbane batin.
The venues provided a showcase and meeting place for the emerging musicians (the 100 Club in London, CBGB in New York, and The Masque in Hollywood are among the best known early punk clubs). The menyediakan tempat dan tempat pertemuan showcase untuk para musisi yang muncul (yang
100 Club di London,
CBGB di New York, dan
The Masjid di
Hollywood adalah di antara yang dikenal awal klub punk terbaik).
SFR Yugoslavia
The former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was not a member of the Eastern Bloc , but a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement . Yang pertama
Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia bukan anggota
Blok Timur , tetapi anggota pendiri
Gerakan Non-Blok .
Maintaining a more liberal communist system, sometimes referred to as Titoism , Yugoslavia was more opened to Western influences comparing to the other communist states . Mempertahankan sistem komunis liberal lebih, kadang-kadang disebut sebagai
Titoism , Yugoslavia lebih dibuka untuk pengaruh Barat dibandingkan dengan yang lain
negara komunis .
Hence, starting from the 1950s onwards, a well-developed Yugoslav rock scene was able to emerge with all its music genres and subgenres including punk rock , heavy metal and so on. Oleh karena itu, mulai dari
tahun 1950 dan seterusnya, baik yang dikembangkan
rock Yugoslavia bisa muncul dengan segala
genre musik dan subgenre termasuk
punk rock ,
logam berat dan sebagainya.
The Yugoslav punk bands were the first punk rock acts ever to emerge in a communist country. Para
punk Yugoslavia adalah band punk rock pertama bertindak pernah muncul di negara komunis.
Notable artists included: the pioneers Pankrti , Paraf and Pekinška patka (the first two formed in 1977, the latter in 1978), the 1980s hardcore punk acts: KUD Idijoti , Niet , KBO! and many others. seniman terkenal termasuk: pelopor
Pankrti ,
Yes dan
patka Pekinška (dua pertama kali dibentuk pada tahun 1977, terakhir pada tahun 1978), yang
tahun 1980-an hardcore punk tindakan:
KUD Idijoti ,
Niet ,
KBO! dan banyak lainnya.
Many bands from the first generation signed record contracts with major labels such as Jugoton , Suzy Records and ZKP RTL and often appeared on TV and in the magazines, however some preferred independent labels and the DIY ethos. Banyak band dari generasi pertama menandatangani kontrak rekaman dengan label besar seperti
Jugoton ,
Suzy Records dan
ZKP RTL dan sering muncul di TV dan di majalah, namun beberapa pilihan
label independen dan
DIY etos.
From punk rock emerged the New Wave and some bands, such as Prljavo kazalište and Električni orgazam decided to affiliate with it, becoming top acts of the Yugoslav New Wave scene. Dari rock punk muncul di
New Wave dan beberapa band, seperti
kazalište Prljavo dan
orgazam Električni memutuskan untuk afiliasi dengan itu, menjadi bertindak atas
New Wave Yugoslavia adegan.
The Yugoslav punk music also included social commentary , which was generally tolerated, however there were certain cases of censorship and some punks faced occasional problems with the authorities. Musik punk Yugoslavia juga termasuk
komentar sosial , yang secara umum ditoleransi, namun ada beberapa kasus
sensor dan beberapa punk sesekali menghadapi masalah dengan pihak berwenang.
The scene ceased to exist with the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s , and its former artists continued their work in the independent countries that emerged after the breakup of Yugoslavia , where many of them were involved in anti-war activities and often clashed with the domestic chauvinists . Adegan tidak ada lagi dengan
Perang Yugoslavia pada
1990-an , dan mantan artis melanjutkan karya mereka di negara-negara independen yang muncul setelah
pecahnya Yugoslavia , dimana banyak dari mereka terlibat dalam
perang anti- kegiatan dan sering bentrok dengan domestik
sovinis .
Since the end of the wars and the departure of the nationalist leaders, the music scenes in the ex-Yugoslav countries re-eastablished their former cooperation. Sejak akhir perang dan keberangkatan
nasionalis pemimpin, adegan musik di negara-negara Yugoslavia kembali eastablished mereka dahulu-sama mantan.
The Yugoslav Punk is considered an important part of the former Yugoslav culture, not only that it influenced the formation of the once vibrant Yugoslav New Wave scene but also it gave inspiration to some authentic domestic movements such as New Primitives and others. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Punk Yugoslavia dianggap sebagai bagian penting dari budaya bekas Yugoslavia, tidak hanya itu mempengaruhi pembentukan Yugoslavia New Wave adegan bersemangat sekali tetapi juga memberikan inspirasi bagi beberapa gerakan dalam negeri otentik seperti
New Primitives dan lain-lain.
[5] [ 6] [7]
Spanyol
Di Spanyol, adegan punk rock muncul pada tahun 1978, ketika negara ini baru saja muncul dari empat puluh tahun kediktatoran fasis di bawah Jenderal Franco, menyatakan bahwa "negara represi menyatu dengan moralisme fundamentalis Katolik". Even after Franco died in 1975, the country went through a “volatile political period”, in which the country had to try to relearn democratic values, and install a constitution. Bahkan setelah Franco meninggal pada tahun 1975, negara itu mengalami "periode politik volatile", di mana negara itu untuk mencoba mempelajari kembali nilai-nilai demokrasi, dan menginstal sebuah konstitusi. When punk emerged, it “did not appropriate socialism as its goal”; instead, it embraced “nihilism”, and focused on keeping the memories of past abuses alive, and accusing all of Spanish society of collaborating with the fascist regime. [ 8 ] Ketika punk muncul, hal itu "tidak sosialisme yang tepat sebagai tujuannya",, itu memeluk "nihilisme", dan terfokus pada menjaga kenangan masa lalu hidup pelanggaran, dan menuduh seluruh masyarakat Spanyol berkolaborasi dengan fasis. Rezim bukannya [8]
The early punk scene included a range of marginalized and outcast people, including workers, unemployed, leftists, anarchists, queens, dykes, poseurs, scroungers, and petty criminals. Adegan awal punk termasuk berbagai masyarakat yang terpinggirkan dan terbuang, termasuk pekerja, pengangguran, kaum kiri, anarkis, ratu, tanggul, poseurs, pengemis bersepeda, dan penjahat kecil.
The scenes varied by city. Adegan bervariasi menurut kota.
In Madrid, which had been the power center of Franco's Falangist party, the punk scene was like “a release valve” for the formerly repressed youth. Di Madrid, yang telah menjadi pusat kekuasaan partai Falangist Franco, punk itu seperti "katup release" bagi pemuda dahulu ditekan.
In Barcelona, a city which had a particularly “marginalized status under Franco”, because he suppressed the area's “Catalan language and culture”, the youth felt an “exclusion from mainstream society” that enabled them to come together and form a punk subculture. [ 9 ] Di Barcelona, kota yang memiliki "status terpinggirkan di bawah Franco" terutama, karena ia ditekan "bahasa Catalan dan kebudayaan" di wilayah itu, pemuda merasakan "pengecualian dari masyarakat umum" yang memungkinkan mereka untuk datang bersama-sama dan membentuk subkultur punk.
[9]
The first independently-released Spanish punk disc was a 45 RPM record by Almen TNT in 1979. Disc independen merilis punk pertama Spanyol adalah 45 RPM rekor oleh Almen TNT pada tahun 1979.
The song, which sounded like the US band The Stooges stated that no one believed in revolution anymore, and it criticized the emerging consumer culture in Spain, as people flocked to the new department stores. Lagu, yang terdengar seperti band Amerika The Stooges menyatakan bahwa tidak ada yang percaya dalam revolusi lagi, dan itu mengkritik budaya konsumen yang muncul di Spanyol, sebagai orang berbondong-bondong ke toko-toko departemen baru.
The early Spanish punk records, most of which emerged in the explosion of punk in 1978, often reached back to “old-fashioned 50s rocknroll to glam to early metal to Detroit's hard proto-punk”, creating an aggressive mix of fuzz guitar, jagged sounds, and crude Spanish slang lyrics. [ 10 ] Catatan punk awal Spanyol, sebagian besar yang muncul dalam ledakan punk pada tahun 1978, sering mencapai kembali ke "50s kolot RocknRoll untuk glam dengan logam awal untuk keras proto-punk Detroit", menciptakan campuran agresif gitar bulu halus, bergerigi suara, dan kasar lirik slang Spanyol.
[10]
Akhir 1970: diversifikasi
In 1977, a second wave of bands emerged, influenced by those mentioned above. Pada tahun 1977, gelombang kedua dari band muncul, dipengaruhi oleh yang disebutkan di atas.
Some, such as The Misfits (from New Jersey ), The Exploited (from Scotland ), GBH (from England ) Black Flag (from Los Angeles ), Stiff Little Fingers (from Northern Ireland ) and Crass (from Essex ) would go on to influence the move away from the original sound of punk rock, that would spawn the Hardcore subgenre. Beberapa, seperti
The Misfits (dari
New Jersey ),
The Exploited (dari
Skotlandia ),
GBH (dari
Inggris )
Black Flag (dari
Los Angeles ),
Stiff Little Fingers (dari
Irlandia Utara ) dan
Crass (dari
Essex ) akan pergi ke mempengaruhi menjauh dari suara asli punk rock, yang akan menelur
Hardcore subgenre.
Gradually punk became more varied and less minimalist with bands such as The Clash incorporating other musical influences like reggae and rockabilly and jazz into their music. Secara bertahap punk menjadi lebih bervariasi dan kurang minimalis dengan band-band seperti
The Clash memasukkan pengaruh musik lain seperti
reggae dan
rockabilly dan
jazz ke dalam musik mereka.
In the UK, punk interacted with the Jamaican reggae and ska subcultures . Di Inggris, punk berinteraksi dengan Jamaican
reggae dan
ska subkultur .
The reggae influence is evident in much of the music of The Clash and The Slits, for example. Pengaruh reggae jelas di banyak musik The Clash dan The celah, misalnya.
By the end of the 1970s, punk had spawned the 2 Tone ska revival movement, including bands such as The Beat (The English Beat in US), The Specials , Madness and The Selecter . Pada akhir 1970-an, punk telah menelurkan
2 Nada kebangkitan gerakan ska, termasuk band-band seperti
The Beat (The Beat bahasa Inggris di AS),
The Spesial ,
Madness dan
The Selecter .
The message of punk remained subversive, counter-cultural, rebellious, and politically outspoken. Pesan dari punk tetap subversif, kontra-budaya, memberontak, dan politik vokal.
Punk rock dealt with topics such as problems facing society, oppression of the lower classes, the threat of a nuclear war, or it delineated the individual's personal problems, such as being unemployed, or having particular emotional and/or mental issues, ie depression. Punk rock ditangani dengan topik seperti masalah yang dihadapi masyarakat, penindasan kelas bawah, ancaman perang nuklir, atau digambarkan masalah pribadi individu, seperti yang menganggur, atau mengalami masalah emosional dan / atau mental tertentu, depresi yaitu.
Punk rock was a message to society that all was not well and all were not equal. Punk rock adalah sebuah pesan kepada
masyarakat bahwa semua itu tidak baik dan semuanya tidak sama.
While it is thought that the style of punk from the 1970s had a decline in the 1980s, many subgenres branched off playing their own interpretation of punk rock. Anarcho-punk become a style in its own right. Nazi punk arose as the radical right wing of punk. Sementara diperkirakan bahwa gaya punk dari tahun 1970-an memiliki penurunan pada 1980-an, banyak subgenre bercabang bermain penafsiran mereka sendiri dari punk rock.
Anarko-punk menjadi gaya dalam dirinya sendiri.
Nazi punk muncul sebagai sayap kanan radikal punk.
1980: diversifikasi lebih lanjut
Although most the prominent bands in the genre pre-dated the 1980s by a few years, it wasn't until the 1980s that journalist Garry Bushell gave the sub-genre “ Oi! ” its name, partly derived from the Cockney Rejects song “ Oi! Meskipun sebagian besar band menonjol dalam genre tanggal pra-tahun 1980-an dengan beberapa tahun, itu tidak sampai 1980-an yang jurnalis
Garry Bushell memberikan sub-genre "
Oi! "nama, sebagian berasal dari lagu Cockney Rejects"
Oi ! Oi! Oi! Oi! ”. Oi! ".
This movement featured bands such as Cock Sparrer , Cockney Rejects , Blitz , and Sham 69 . Gerakan ini menampilkan band-band seperti
Cock petinju ,
Cockney Rejects ,
Blitz , dan
Sham 69 .
Bands sharing the Ramones ' bubblegum pop influences formed their own brand of punk, sporting melodic songs and lyrics more often dealing with relationships and simple fun than most punk rock's nihilism and anti-establishment stance. Bands berbagi
Ramones '
pop permen karet mempengaruhi membentuk merek mereka sendiri punk, olahraga melodi lagu dan lirik lebih sering berurusan dengan hubungan dan menyenangkan sederhana daripada punk rock yang paling dan nihilisme sikap anti kemapanan.
These bands, the founders of pop punk , included the Ramones , Buzzcocks , The Rezillos and Generation X . Band ini, para pendiri
pop punk , termasuk
Ramones ,
Buzzcocks ,
The Rezillos dan
Generasi X .
As the punk movement began to lose steam, post-punk, New Wave, and No Wave took up much of the media's attention. Sebagai gerakan punk mulai kehilangan uap, post-punk, New Wave, dan No Wave mengambil banyak perhatian media.
In the UK, meanwhile, diverse post-punk bands emerged, such as Joy Division , Throbbing Gristle , Gang of Four , Siouxsie and the Banshees & Public Image Ltd , the latter two bands featuring people who were part of the original British punk rock movement. Di Inggris, sementara itu, beragam
post-punk band muncul, seperti
Joy Division ,
berdenyut Rawan ,
Gang of Four ,
Siouxsie, dan Banshees &
Public Image Ltd , band terakhir yang menampilkan dua orang yang merupakan bagian dari gerakan rock punk asli Inggris .
Sometime around the beginning of the 1980s, punk underwent a renaissance as the hardcore punk subculture emerged. Sekitar awal tahun 1980-an, punk mengalami kebangkitan sebagai subkultur hardcore punk muncul.
This subculture proved fertile in much the same way as the original punk subculture, producing several new groups. subkultur ini terbukti subur dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti subkultur punk asli, menghasilkan beberapa kelompok baru.
These subcultures stand alongside the older subcultures under the punk banner. Subkultur ini berdiri di samping subkultur yang lebih tua di bawah bendera punk.
The United States saw the emergence of hardcore punk , which is known for fast, aggressive beats and political lyrics. Amerika Serikat melihat munculnya
hardcore punk , yang dikenal untuk cepat, beats agresif dan lirik politik.
It can be argued, though, that Washington, DC was the site of hardcore punk 's first emergence. Bisa dikatakan, meskipun, bahwa
Washington, DC adalah tempat
hardcore punk 's munculnya pertama.
Early hardcore bands include Dead Kennedys , Black Flag , Bad Brains , The Descendents , early Replacements and The Germs and the movement developed via Minor Threat , Minutemen and Hüsker Dü , among others. Awal band hardcore termasuk
Dead Kennedys ,
Black Flag ,
Bad Brains ,
keturunan , awal
Penggantian dan
The Kuman dan gerakan dikembangkan melalui
Minor Threat ,
Minutemen dan
Hüsker DU , antara lain.
In New York, there was a large hardcore punk movement led by bands such as Agnostic Front , The Cro-Mags , Murphy's Law , Sick of it All , and Gorilla Biscuits . Di New York, ada gerakan punk hardcore besar yang dipimpin oleh band-band seperti
Agnostic Front ,
The Cro-Mags ,
's Hukum Murphy ,
Sakit itu Semua , dan
Gorilla Biscuits .
Other styles emerged from this new genre including skate punk , emo and straight edge . gaya lain muncul dari genre baru termasuk
skate punk ,
emo dan
straight edge .
Alternatif dan warisan indie
The underground punk movement in the United States in the 1980s produced countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound or claimed to apply its spirit and DIY ethics to a completely different sound. Gerakan punk bawah tanah di Amerika Serikat pada 1980-an menghasilkan band-band yang tak terhitung jumlahnya yang baik berevolusi dari suara rock punk atau mengaku menerapkan semangat dan etika DIY suara sama sekali berbeda.
By the end of the 1980s these bands had largely eclipsed their punk forebearers and were termed alternative rock . Pada akhir 1980-an band-band ini sebagian besar telah hilang cahayanya forebearers punk mereka dan disebut
rock alternatif .
As alternative bands like Sonic Youth and the Pixies were starting to gain larger audiences, major labels sought to capitalize on a market that had been growing underground for the past 10 years. Sebagai band alternatif seperti
Sonic Youth dan
Pixies yang mulai mendapatkan penonton yang lebih besar, label besar berusaha untuk memanfaatkan pasar yang telah tumbuh bawah tanah selama beberapa tahun terakhir 10.
In 1991, Nirvana achieved huge commercial success with their album, Nevermind . Pada tahun 1991,
Nirvana mencapai sukses besar dengan album mereka,
Nevermind .
Nirvana cited punk as a key influence on their music. Nirvana dikutip punk sebagai pengaruh utama pada musik mereka.
Although they tended to label themselves as punk rock and championed many unknown punk icons (as did many other alternative rock bands), Nirvana's music was equally akin to other forms of garage or indie rock and heavy metal that had existed for decades. Meskipun mereka cenderung untuk label diri mereka sebagai punk rock dan diperjuangkan ikon punk yang tidak diketahui banyak (seperti yang dilakukan band-band rock alternatif lainnya),'s musik Nirvana adalah sama mirip dengan bentuk lain dari garasi atau
indie rock dan
logam berat yang telah ada selama beberapa dekade.
Nirvana's success kick-started the alternative rock boom that had been underway since the late 1980s, and helped define that segment of the 1990s popular music milieu. tendangan kesuksesan Nirvana-mulai booming rock alternatif yang telah berlangsung sejak akhir 1980-an, dan membantu menentukan bahwa segmen dari lingkungan musik tahun 1990-an populer.
The subsequent shift in taste among listeners of rock music was chronicled in a film entitled 1991: The Year Punk Broke , which featured Nirvana, Dinosaur Jr , and Sonic Youth; Nirvana also featured in the film Hype! Pergeseran berikutnya dalam rasa antara pendengar musik rock itu dicatat dalam sebuah film berjudul
1991: The Year Punk Broke, yang menampilkan Nirvana,
Dinosaur Jr , dan Sonic Youth, Nirvana juga muncul dalam film
Hype!
Amerika
A new movement in the mainstream became visible in the early and mid-1990s, claiming to be a form of punk, this was characterized by the scene at 924 Gilman Street , a venue in Berkeley, California , which featured bands such as Operation Ivy , Green Day , Rancid and later bands including AFI , (though clearly not simultaneously, as Rancid included members of the defunct Operation Ivy). Epitaph Records , an independent record label started by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion , would become the home of the " skate punk " sound, characterized by bands like The Offspring , Pennywise , NOFX , and The Suicide Machines , many bands arose claiming the mantle of the ever-diverse punk genre—some playing a more accessible, pop style and achieving commercial success. Sebuah gerakan baru dalam arus utama menjadi terlihat pada pertengahan 1990-an awal dan, mengaku bentuk punk, hal ini ditandai dengan adegan di
924 Gilman Street , tempat di
Berkeley, California , yang menampilkan band-band seperti
Operation Ivy ,
Green Day ,
Rancid dan kemudian band termasuk
AFI , (walaupun jelas tidak secara bersamaan, seperti Rancid termasuk anggota Ivy Operasi mati).
Epitaph Records , sebuah label rekaman independen dimulai oleh
Brett Gurewitz dari
Bad Religion , akan menjadi rumah dari "
skate punk "suara, ditandai dengan band-band seperti
The Offspring ,
hemat ,
NOFX , dan
The Suicide Machines , banyak band muncul mengklaim mantel dari beragam genre punk-pernah-beberapa memainkan, pop diakses lebih gaya dan mencapai sukses komersial.
The late 1990s also saw another ska punk revival. Akhir 1990-an juga melihat lain
punk ska kebangunan rohani.
This revival continues into the 2000s with bands like Streetlight Manifesto , Reel Big Fish , and Less Than Jake . kebangkitan ini terus berlanjut ke tahun 2000-an dengan band-band seperti
lampu jalan Manifesto ,
Reel Big Fish , dan
Kurang Than Jake .
Pop punk
The commercial success of alternative rock also gave way to another style which mainstream media claimed to be a form of "punk", dubbed pop punk or "mall punk" by the press; this new movement gained success in the mainstream. Keberhasilan komersial rock alternatif juga memberikan cara untuk lain media mainstream gaya yang diklaim sebagai suatu bentuk "punk", dijuluki
pop punk atau "punk mal" oleh pers; gerakan baru menjadi sukses di mainstream.
Examples of bands labeled "pop punk" by MTV and similar media outlets include; Blink 182 , Green Day , Simple Plan , Good Charlotte , and Sum 41 . Contoh band berlabel "pop punk" oleh
MTV dan yang sejenis media meliputi;
Blink 182 ,
Green Day ,
Simple Plan ,
Good Charlotte , dan
Sum 41 .
By the late 1990s, punk was so ingrained in Western culture that it was often used to sell commercial bands as "rebels", amid complaints from punk rockers that, by being signed to major labels and appearing on MTV , these bands were buying into the system that punk was created to rebel against, and as a result, could not be considered true punk (though clearly, punk's earliest pioneers also released work via the major labels). Pada akhir 1990-an, punk sangat tertanam dalam budaya Barat itu sering digunakan untuk menjual band komersial sebagai "pemberontak", di tengah keluhan dari punk rock itu, dengan menjadi masuk ke label besar dan muncul di
MTV , band-band ini telah membeli ke sistem yang punk diciptakan untuk memberontak melawan, dan sebagai hasilnya, tidak dapat dianggap punk benar (meskipun jelas, pelopor punk paling awal juga merilis bekerja melalui major label).
This debate continues among young punk acolytes (who, as do most new generations, seek a sense of originality or authenticity) amid the popularity of modern "pop punk" in the early 2000s, including the emo trend of recent times, and the Grammy success and superstar status in 2005 of Green Day. Perdebatan ini berlanjut di kalangan pengikut punk muda (yang, seperti halnya generasi paling baru, mencari rasa orisinalitas atau keaslian) di tengah popularitas modern "pop punk" di awal 2000-an, termasuk
emo tren belakangan ini, dan keberhasilan Grammy dan superstar status pada tahun 2005 Green Day.
2000
There is still a thriving punk scene in North America, Asia and Europe. Masih ada punk yang berkembang di Amerika Utara, Asia dan Eropa.
The widespread availability of the Internet and file sharing programs enables bands who would otherwise not be heard outside of their local scene to garner larger followings, and is in keeping with the DIY ethic championed by some earlier punk bands. Ketersediaan luas dari
internet dan
file sharing program memungkinkan band-band yang akan tidak akan terdengar di luar scene lokal mereka untuk menggalang berikut yang lebih besar, dan sesuai dengan etika DIY yang diperjuangkan oleh beberapa band punk sebelumnya.
www.teguhramone.blogspot.com
